• Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Free
• Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Names

Computers are considered as the most important electronic device in today’s life. Nowadays, human civilization wants every single operation to be computerized. From medical, travel, education to shopping, we are using computers. But there is a wide history of the development of computers. It includes different generations of computers

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different generations of computers with details.

Generations of computers :

Generations of computers are changing with time since it becomes commercially available during early 1950’s. Thereafter, many significant development stages have taken place to improve the efficiency and power of the computers. These stages of development of computers are termed as first, second, third, fourth and fifth generations of computers.

First generations of computers (From 1946-1959) :

The following are the characteristics of first generation computers :

Vacuum tubes were used as the principal electronic components in the first generations of computers.

A large amount of space was occupied by these computers.

Speed was normally measured in milliseconds.

The first generation of computers had a limited storage capacity to store data, magnetic drums were used for storing data.

For input and output operations, punched cards were used.

The first generation of computers generated more heats.

A huge amount of electricity was consumed.

Basically, machine languages were used to program the first generations of computers.

These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time.

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

The first generations of computers were very costly.

Second generations of computers (From 1959-1965):

The following are the characteristics of second generation computers :

Solid state electronic components such as transistor and diodes were used as the principal electronic components in the second generation of computers.

Speed was normally measured in microseconds.

The heat was reduced marginally as compared to the first generations of computers.

Processing speed and reliability had improved remarkably.

Magnetic tapes besides punch cards were also used for input-output operations in the second generation of computers.

A huge improvement of storage capacity.

Assembly languages were used to program the second generations of computers.

The second generations of computers consumed lower electricity and space compared to the first generation of computers.

IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108 etc are some example of the second generation of computers.

Third generations of computers (From 1965-1971) :

The following are the characteristics of third generation computers :

Integrated Circuits (IC) were used as the principal electronic components in the third generation of computers.

The speed of computation was normally measured in nanoseconds.

They occupied less storage and consumed less electricity.

Monitors, line printers, magnetic tapes etc were used as the primary input-output device.

This generation’s computers were smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.

Some important concepts like remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were introduced in the second generation of computers.

High-level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL etc were used to program the computers.

They generated less heat and required less maintenance.

IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series etc are some example of the third generation of computers.

Fourth generations of computers (From 1971-1980) :

The following are the characteristics of fourth generation computers :

Computers of the fourth generation used microprocessor chip i.e. the entire CPU is combined on a single small silicon chip.

The speed was measured in nano and picoseconds.

The fourth generation of computers occupied lesser space.

They are programmed using the high-level languages such as C, C++ etc.

They were relatively cheap, reliable, portable and also more powerful and affordable than older generations.

In the fourth generation of computers, time-sharing, real-time networks and distributed operating system were used.

They were commonly available as personal computers.

From the concept of the microprocessor, mini and microcomputers were also developed.

DEC 10, STAR 1000 are some of the examples of fourth generations of computers.

Fifth generations of computers (From 1980 - Now) :

The following are the characteristics of fifth generation computers :

In the fifth generation of computers, the super large scale integration (SLSI) chips were used and it introduced the concept of supercomputers.

The fifth generations of computers can perform millions of instructions in a second.

Due to the higher performance capability, the speed of computation is very high.

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) was used for processing.

The fifth generation of computers i.e. the supercomputers are very expensive due to its capability.

All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java etc. are used in this generation.

Parallel processing hardware and the concept of Artificial Intelligence is introduced in the fifth generation of computers.

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Also Read: CPU and its components

Feel Free to Share this:Tags: characteristics of different generations of computer,explain the features of generations of computers,generations of computers,generations of computers notesDebarshi Das is a passionate blogger & full-stack JavaScript developer from Guwahati, Assam. He has a deep interest in robotics too. He holds a BSc degree in Information Technology & currently pursuing Masters of Computer Application (MCA) from a premier govt. engineering college. He is also certified as a chip-level computer hardware expert from an ISO certified institute.

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Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −

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• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows −

S.No	Keys & Description
1	Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.
2	Numeric Keypad It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.
3	Function Keys The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
4	Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
5	Special Purpose Keys Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

Mouse

Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Advantages

• Easy to use
• Not very expensive
• Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.

Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.

Track Ball

Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.

Scanner

Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.

Digitizer

Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at.

Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image manipulation applications.

Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Free

OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine readable code, and stores the text on the system memory.

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Names

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.

It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.