1. Core Ftp Generate Ssh Key For Git
2. Generate Ssh Key Aix
3. Generate Ssh Key Github
4. Generate Ssh Keys Windows 10

The first time a user connects to your SSH or SFTP server, his/her file transfer client may display an alert or notice indicating it doesn't recognize the server's fingerprint. What it's actually referring to is the server's SSH/SFTP key fingerprint, an important security feature that helps users and client applications authenticate SSH/SFTP servers. This post explains how it's used.

Importance of server authentication

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Server authentication is a process that allows client applications to validate a server's identity. In other words, it helps a client determine whether it's really connecting to the server it intended to connect to. If the server fails the SSH host key authentication process, then it's possible that the server's host key was simply changed by the admin. That's not a big problem.

However, it could also mean that someone has carried out a spoofing or man-in-the-middle attack and, therefore, the client is likely on the verge of connecting to a malicious server. Now, THAT is a serious problem.

If a user unknowingly logs in to a malicious server, who ever has control of that server could easily acquire that user's login credentials and then use those credentials to gain access to the legitimate server. Secondly, if the unwitting user uploads files to the malicious server, those files will surely fall into the wrong hands. Lastly, if a user downloads files from the server, that user could end up downloading malware.

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Server authentication helps prevent these from happening because if the authentication process fails, the client will be given an appropriate warning.

SSH / SFTP server autentication using fingerprints

How do you implement server authentication in SSH/SFTP? Theoretically, you can do this. As a server admin, you can furnish each user a copy of your server's public key. Public keys are supposed to be unique. Everytime a user connects to the server, the server can show the user its public key and the user can then compare that with his local copy. If they match, the user knows he's connecting to the right server.

There is however one problem with this method. Public keys are quite lengthy. So lengthy that it would be impractical for anyone to manually compare two copies. Your server authentication process will be time consuming.

A better way of carrying out server authentication when using SSH/SFTP is by inspecting the public key fingerprint. A fingerprint in this context is basically a hash function of a public key. Simply put, it's a shorter equivalent of the public key. If you're not familiar with how hashes work, I suggest you read the post 'Understanding Hashing' first.

Because fingerprints are much shorter than public keys, they're also much easier to inspect and compare even through the naked eye.

How to use public key fingerprints

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The first time a user connects to your SSH/SFTP server, he'll be presented with your server's fingerprint. To verify, the user can contact you and you can then dictate to him your record of the fingerprint. If they match, the user can then store that fingerprint for future login sessions. Most SSH/SFTP clients allow users to save fingerprints.

Once a fingerprint is saved, the client can automatically look up that fingerprint every time it connects to an SFTP server. If a match is made, the client will know it's connecting to a server it had already connected to before.

It's therefore very important to make sure all fingerprints the client saves have already been manually verified. If you accept a fingerprint without verifying, especially if you're connecting to a remote server, you might end up storing a fingerprint of a malicious server.

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How to obtain the fingerprint if you're an administrator

What if you're an admin but don't know what your server's fingerprint is? Don't look so surprised. These things happen you know. The quickest way to obtain it would be to login to your SSH/SFTP server from a locally installed client application, i.e. installed on the same machine as your server. That way, you can be absolutely sure you're safe from man-in-the-middle attacks.

If you're using Linux and have the built-in SSH client, make sure there is no 'localhost' entry found inside ~/.ssh/known_hosts file. Delete the entry if you find any before attempting the connection. The moment you connect, you'll encounter something like this:

Copy that fingerprint and save it where you can easily access it.

If your server runs on Windows or another GUI-based operating system, then you can install an SFTP client like AnyClient and connect to the server (again, locally). You should then see something like this:

Lastly, if this tool is available on your server (it's usually available on Linux), you may run the following command:

ssh-keygen -lf /path/to/public_key/pubkey_in_openssh_format.pub

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In some SFTP servers, you'll have to export the public key in OpenSSH format for this to work. In JSCAPE MFT Server, go to Server > Key Manager > Server Keys. Select the server key, click Export > Public key.

Select the OpenSSH format and then click OK.

Once the public key is exported, you can then run ssh-keygen -lf on it likeso to reveal the fingerprint:

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In every SSH/SFTP connection there are four keys (or two key-pairs) involved. This article explains a difference between them and what keys an SFTP client user needs to care about.

The SSH employs a public key cryptography. A public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, is a class of cryptographic algorithms which requires two separate keys, one of which is secret (or private) and one of which is public.1 Together they are known as a key-pair. In SSH, the public key cryptography is used in both directions (client to server and server to client), so two key pairs are used. One key pair is known as a host (server) key, the other as a user (client) key.

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A user private key is key that is kept secret by the SSH user on his/her client machine. The user must never reveal the private key to anyone, including the server (server administrator), not to compromise his/her identity.

To protect the private key, it should be generated locally on a user’s machine (e.g. using PuTTYgen) and stored encrypted by a passphrase. The passphrase should be long enough (that’s why it’s called passphrase, not password) to withstand a brute-force attack for a reasonably long time, in case an attacker obtains the private key file.

Different file formats are used to store private keys. WinSCP supports PuTTY format, with .ppk extension.

A user public key is a counterpart to user private key. They are generated at the same time. The user public key can be safely revealed to anyone, without compromising user identity.

To allow authorization of the user on a server, the user public key is registered on the server. In the most widespread SSH server implementation, the OpenSSH, file ~/.ssh/authorized_keys is used for that.

Learn more about public key authentication in general and how to setup authentication with public keys.

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A host private key is generated when the SSH server is set up. It is safely stored in a location that should be accessible by a server administrator only. The user connecting to the SSH server does not need to care about host private key in general.

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A host public key is a counterpart to host private key. They are generated at the same time. The host public key can be safely revealed to anyone, without compromising host identity.

To allow authorizing the host to the user, the user should be provided with host public key in advance, before connecting. The client application typically prompts the user with host public key on the first connection to allow the user to verify/authorize the key. The host public key is then saved and verified automatically on further connections. The client application warns the user, if the host key changes.

1. The text is partially copied from Wikipedia article on Public-key cryptography. The text is licensed under GNU Free Documentation License.Back